Close Combat Invasion Normandy

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.1940.1942–1943.1944–1945.Strategic campaigns.The of launched the largest in history when they attacked German positions at, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a as part of after, the first day of the invasion.Allied land forces came from the,. In the weeks following the invasion, and contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements of the, the, and the.The Normandy invasion began with overnight and landings, massive.

In the early morning, commenced on five beaches codenamed, and, with troops from the United States landing on Omaha and Utah, Britain landing on Gold and Sword, and Canada landing on Juno. During the evening the remaining elements of the airborne divisions landed. Land forces used on D-Day sailed from bases along the south coast of England, the most important of these being.

Close Combat: Invasion Normandy is the fifth release in the Close Combat series of WWII strategy games developed by Atomic Games. Originally subtitled 'Utah to Cherbourg,' the action focuses on the Allied push to establish strategic ground across the Cotentin Peninsula during the massive D-day strike. Close Combat: Invasion Normandy is a War game from Strategic Simulations Inc. Published in 2000 and is free for download.

Soldiers march through Weymouth, Dorset, en route to board landing ships for the invasion of France.Allied forces rehearsed their D-Day roles for months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south on the English coast, 749 U.S.

Soldiers and sailors were killed when surprised one of these landing exercises,. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allied forces conducted a deception operation, aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion.There were several leaks prior to or on D-Day. Through the, the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord, but these documents lacked all detail. Agents, such as the Spaniard (code-named Garbo), played an important role in convincing the German High Command that Normandy was at best a diversionary attack. Major General, chief supply officer of the US 9th Air Force, during a party at Hotel in London complained to guests of the supply problems he was having but that after the invasion, which he told them would be before 15 June, supply would be easier. After being told, reduced Miller to lieutenant colonel Associated Press, June 10, 1944 and sent him back to the U.S.

Where he retired. Another such leak was General 's radio message after D-Day. He, unlike all the other leaders, stated that this invasion was the real invasion. This had the potential to ruin the Allied deceptions Fortitude North and Fortitude South.

In contrast, Eisenhower referred to the landings as the initial invasion.Only ten days each month were suitable for launching the operation: a day near the was needed both for illumination during the hours of darkness and for the, the former to illuminate navigational landmarks for the crews of aircraft, gliders and landing craft, and the latter to expose defensive obstacles placed by the German forces in the surf on the seaward approaches to the beaches. A full moon occurred on 6 June. Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault.

The weather was fine during most of May, but deteriorated in early June. On 4 June, conditions were clearly unsuitable for a landing; wind and high seas would make it impossible to launch landing craft from larger ships at sea, low clouds would prevent aircraft finding their targets.

The Allied troop convoys already at sea were forced to take shelter in bays and inlets on the south coast of Britain for the night.It seemed possible that everything would have to be cancelled and the troops returned to their embarkation camps (which would be almost impossible, as the enormous movement of follow-up formations into them was already proceeding). Dungeon hunter 4 download. The next full moon period would be nearly a month away. At a vital meeting on 5 June, Eisenhower's chief meteorologist ( ) forecast a brief improvement for 6 June. Commander of all land forces for the invasion General Bernard Montgomery and Eisenhower's Chief of Staff General wished to proceed with the invasion.

Commander of the Allied Air Forces was doubtful, but Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief believed that conditions would be marginally favorable. On the strength of Stagg's forecast, Eisenhower ordered the invasion to proceed. As a result, prevailing overcast skies limited Allied air support, and no serious damage would be done to the beach defences on Omaha and Juno.The Germans meanwhile took comfort from the existing poor conditions, which were worse over Northern France than over the itself, and believed no invasion would be possible for several days. Some troops stood down and many senior officers were away for the weekend. Field Marshal took a few days' leave to celebrate his wife's birthday, while dozens of division, regimental and battalion commanders were away from their posts conducting war games just prior to the invasion. Codenames The Allies assigned codenames to the various operations involved in the invasion.

Overlord was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale lodgement on the northern portion of the Continent. The first phase, the establishment of a secure foothold, was codenamed Neptune. According to the:The armed forces use codenames to refer to the planning and execution of specific military operations. Operation Overlord was the codename for the Allied invasion of northwest Europe.

The assault phase of Operation Overlord was known as Operation Neptune. Operation Neptune began on D-Day (6 June 1944) and ended on 30 June 1944. By this time, the Allies had established a firm foothold in Normandy. Operation Overlord also began on D-Day, and continued until Allied forces crossed the on 19 August 1944.Officers with knowledge of D-Day were not to be sent where there was the slightest danger of being captured. These officers were given the codename of ', derived from the words 'To Gib' (To ) that was stamped on the papers of officers who took part in the invasion in 1942.

On the night of 27 April, during, a pre-invasion exercise off the coast of beach, several American were attacked by German and among the 638 Americans killed in the attack and a further 308 killed by friendly fire, ten 'Bigots' were listed as missing. As the invasion would be cancelled if any were captured or unaccounted for, their fate was given the highest priority and eventually all ten bodies were recovered.Allied order of battle D-Day. Large landing craft convoy crosses the English Channel on 6 June 1944.The invasion fleet was drawn from eight different navies, comprising 6,939 vessels: 1,213 warships, 4,126 transport vessels (landing ships and ), and 736 ancillary craft and 864 merchant vessels. There was a total number of 195,700 naval personnel.The overall commander of the Allied Naval Expeditionary Force, providing close protection and bombardment at the beaches, was Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay. The Allied Naval Expeditionary Force was divided into two Naval Task Forces: Western (Rear-Admiral ) and Eastern (Rear-Admiral Sir ).The warships provided cover for the transports against the enemy—whether in the form of surface, or as an aerial attack—and gave support to the landings through shore bombardment.

These ships included the Allied Task Force 'O'.Allied contributions Defence against a mass U-boat attack relied on '19 Group of RAF Coastal Command it included one Czech, one Polish, one New Zealander, two Australian and three Canadian squadrons. Even the RAF's own was a mixed bag of nationalities with 137 Britons, forty-four Canadians, thirty-three Anzacs, two Americans, a Swiss, a Chilean, a South African and a Brazilian' 'The D-Day air offensive was another RAF multinational operation. It included five New Zealander, seven Australian, twenty-eight Canadian, one Rhodesian, six French, fourteen Polish, three Czech, two Belgian, two Dutch and two Norwegian squadrons' At 05:37 the Norwegian destroyer Sevenner, one of 37 destroyers in the Eastern Task Force, was sunk by a torpedo launched from a German. 'In addition to the Cruiser ORP Dragon, the Polish destroyers ORP Krakowiak and Slazak took part in beach support operations, while the destroyers OKP Blyskewica and Piorun were employed as part of the covering force' German order of battle The number of military forces at the disposal of Nazi Germany reached its peak during 1944.

Tanks on the east front peaked at 5,202 in November 1944, while total aircraft in the Luftwaffe inventory peaked at 5,041 in December 1944. By D-Day 157 German divisions were stationed in the Soviet Union, 6 in Finland, 12 in Norway, 6 in Denmark, 9 in Germany, 21 in the Balkans, 26 in Italy and 59 in France, Belgium and the Netherlands. However, these statistics are somewhat misleading since a significant number of the divisions in the east were depleted; German records indicate that the average personnel complement was at about 50% in the spring of 1944.A more detailed order of battle for D-Day itself can be found at.Atlantic Wall. German of the Atlantic Wall. One of three at Batterie 'Lindemann'Standing in the way of the Allies was the, an obstacle that had frustrated the ambitions of the and 's Navy.

Compounding the difficulty of invasion was the extensive, ordered by in his Directive 51. Believing that any forthcoming landings would be timed for high tide (this caused the landings to be timed for low tide), Hitler had the entire wall fortified with tank top turrets and extensive barbed wire, and laid a million mines to deter landing craft. The sector that was attacked was guarded by four divisions.Divisional areas. Landing supplies onThree other divisions (the, which had been refitting at in Southern France, and the and which had been in transit from the Eastern Front on 6 June), were committed to battle in Normandy around twenty-one days after the first landings.One more armoured division (the ) saw action only after the American breakout from the beachhead. Two other armoured divisions which had been in the west on 6 June (the and ) did not see action in Normandy.Leaders The following is a list of in the.Battle of Normandy leadersareaGHQ– SAC– Deputy SAC– COSSACNaval forces(US)(airborne landings)Landings. The build-up of Omaha Beach: troops and equipment moving inland from Omaha Beach to on D+1, 7 June 1944.The Allied invasion plans had called for the capture of, and on the first day, with all the beaches linked except Utah, and Sword (the last linked with paratroopers) and a front line 10 to 16 kilometres (6–10 mi) from the beaches. However, practically none of these objectives were achieved.

Instead it took six weeks for British and Canadian troops to capture Caen. Caen and the area inland was flat and open, suitable for tank warfare, and in defending it over the course of the six weeks the Germans employed up to seven Panzer divisions.

The American forces had been tasked with fighting inland through the country, where the numerous thick hedgerows with high earthen embankments and dense vegetation presented almost impassable obstacles for tanks, and the Germans defended this sector of the front with only two Panzer divisions. Overall the casualties had not been as heavy as some had feared (around 10,000 compared to the 20,000 Churchill had estimated) and the bridgeheads had withstood the expected counterattacks.Once the beachhead was established, two artificial were towed across the English Channel in segments and made operational around D+3 (9 June). One was constructed at by British forces, the other at Omaha Beach by American forces.

By 19 June, when severe storms interrupted the landing of supplies for several days and destroyed the Omaha harbour, the British had landed 314,547 men, 54,000 vehicles, and 102,000 tons of supplies, while the Americans put ashore 314,504 men, 41,000 vehicles, and 116,000 tons of supplies. Around 9,000 tons of were landed daily at the Arromanches harbour until the end of August 1944, by which time the port of had been secured by the Allies and had begun to return to service.In addition, with the installation of in August 1944 the Allies had fuel piped over directly from England without having to rely on vulnerable tankers.War memorials and tourism. Paratroop memorial inThe beaches at Normandy are still referred to on maps and signposts by their invasion codenames.

There are several vast in the area. The, in, contains row upon row of identical white and, immaculately kept, commemorating the American dead. Graves, maintained in many locations by the, uses white headstones engraved with the person's religious or medal ( or only) symbol and their unit insignia. The, with 4,648 burials, is the largest British cemetery of the war.

The largest cemetery in Normandy is the, with 21,222 burials, which features granite stones almost flush with the ground and groups of low-set crosses. There is also a Polish cemetery.At the Bayeux Memorial, a monument erected by Britain has a Latin inscription on the memorial reads ' Nos a gulielmo victi victoris patriam liberavimus' – freely translated, this reads 'We, once conquered by, have now set free the Conqueror's native land'.Streets near the beaches are still named after the units that fought there, and occasional markers commemorate notable incidents. At significant points, such as and, there are plaques, memorials or small museums. The Mulberry harbour still sits in the sea at. In, a dummy paratrooper hangs from the church spire. On Juno Beach, the Canadian government has built the, commemorating one of the most significant events in Canadian military history.In England the most significant memorial is the in Southsea, Hampshire. The museum was opened in 1984 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of D-Day.

Its centrepiece is the commissioned by Lord Dulverton of Batsford (1915–92) as a tribute to the sacrifice and heroism of those men and women who took part in Operation Overlord.On 5 June 1994 a drumhead service was held on Southsea Common adjacent to the D-Day Museum. This service was attended by US President, and over 100,000 members of the public. The Dramatisations The Battle of Normandy has been the topic of many films, television shows, songs, computer games and books. Many dramatisations focus on the initial landings, and these are covered at. (2015) 2013.

The Guns at Last Light. London: Abacus.

(2009). D-Day:The Battle for Normandy (First ed.). London: Viking an imprint of Penguin Books. (1994) 1982. Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris. New York: Penguin Books. (1989).

The Second World War. London:. (1997) 1952. The Struggle For Europe. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. Zetterling, Niklas (2000). Normandy 1944: German Military Organisation, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness.

Winnipeg:.Further reading. D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II. New york: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

Stephen Badsey, Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout. Botley, Oxford:, 1990., Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign. London: William Collins Sons, 1983., SOE: An Outline History of the Special Operations Executive 1940–46. BBC Publications, 1984. Ken Ford, D-Day 1944 (3): Sword Beach & the British Airborne Landings.

Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002. Ken Ford, D-Day 1944 (4): Gold & Juno Beaches. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002. John Herington, Air Power Over Europe, 1944–1945, 1st edition ( Official History of Australia in the Second World War Volume IV).

Canberra: Australian War Memorial 1963. Holderfield, Randal J.,.

D-Day: The Invasion of Normandy, June 6, 1944. Mason City, Iowa: Savas Publishing, 2001.,. Kershaw, Alex.

The Bedford Boys: One American Town's Ultimate D-Day Sacrifice. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2003. 'Morning: Normandy Invasion (June–August 1944)'.

British Broadcasting Corporation. 1974. Neillands, Robin. The Battle of Normandy, 1944. London: Cassell, 2002. Rozhnov, Konstantin. BBC News, 5 May 2005.

Canada's Battle in Normandy: The Canadian Army's Share in the Operations, 6 June – 1 September 1944. Ottawa: King's Printer, 1946. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War: Volume III. The Victory Campaign, The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945.

Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 1960. Tute, Warren, John Costello, Terry Hughes. London: Pan Books Ltd, 1975. Whitlock, Flint. The Fighting First: The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D-Day. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2004. Zaloga, Steven J.

D-Day 1944 (1): Omaha Beach. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003. Zaloga, Steven J.

D-Day 1944 (2): Utah Beach & the US Airborne Landings. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004. Zaloga, Steven J. Operation Cobra 1944: Breakout from Normandy. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2001.

Numerous volumes in the U.S. Army in World War II series, produced by the, Gordon A. Harrison, (1951), remains a basic source, but several other studies bear heavily upon the operation. They include:. Robert W. Coakley and Richard M. Leighton, Global Logistics and Strategy (1968);., Breakout and Pursuit (1961);.

Forrest C. Pogue, The Supreme Command (1954);.

Roland G. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies (1953); and. Graham A.

Cosmas and Albert E. Cowdrey, The Medical Department: Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations (1992). The Historical Division of the War Department produced three volumes on the event. All have been reprinted by the Center of Military History. Classified as the American Forces in Action series, they are:.

(1989);. (1990); and. St. Lo (1984).

The British Government following the war also issued an official history of the British involvement in the war to be researched and published, the final result being the massive series known as. The following cover the Normandy Campaign:., Victory in the West: The Battle of Normandy, Official Campaign History v. I (History of the Second World War: United Kingdom Military), Naval & Military Press Ltd; New Ed edition (2004),., British Intelligence in the Second World War: Volume 5, Strategic Deception, Cambridge University Press (1990). (Series edited by ).

Grand Strategy, Volume 5: August 1943 – September 1944, 1956. Numerous abbreviated histories have been written. Among the most useful are:. Charles MacDonald, The Mighty Endeavor: American Armed Forces in the European Theater in World War II (1969); and.

Charles MacDonald and Martin Blumenson, 'Recovery of France', in Vincent J. Esposito, ed., A Concise History of World War II (1965). Memoirs by Allied commanders contain considerable information.

Among the best are:., A Soldier's Story (1951);. Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair, A General's Life (1983);., Crusade in Europe (1948);. Sir Bernard Law Montgomery of Alamein, Normandy to the Baltic (1948);. Sir Bernard Law Montgomery of Alamein, The Memoirs of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, K.G., Collins (1958). And. Sir Frederick Edgeworth Morgan, Overture to Overlord (1950).

Memoirs by Allied and German soldiers of various ranks also give a good insight into the campaign. Kurt Meyer, Grenadiers, Stackpole Books, U.S., New Ed edition (2005).,.

Stuart Hills, By Tank Into Normandy, Cassell military; New Ed edition (2003)., Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck, Cassell military; New Ed edition (2006). Almost as useful are biographies of leading commanders. Among the most prominent are:.

Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower (1970), and Eisenhower, Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (1983);. Nigel Hamilton, Master of the Battlefield: Monty's War Years, 1942–1944 (1983);. Richard Lamb, Montgomery in Europe, 1943–1945: Success or Failure (1984);.

Nigel Hamilton, 'Montgomery, Bernard Law' in. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.,., Rommel as Military Commander (1968)., The Rommel Papers (section on Normandy written by Lt.Gen ).

Hans Speidel, Invasion 1944: Rommel and the Normandy Campaign. Chicago: Henry Regnery (1950) ( was Rommel's chief of staff).

Numerous general histories also exist, many centering on the controversies that continue to surround the campaign and its commanders:. John Colby, War From the Ground Up: The 90th Division in World War II (1989);. Carlo D'Este, Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign (1983);., Overlord, D-Day, June 6, 1944 (1984);., Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris (1982);., The Battle of Normandy 1944 (2002);. Stephen T. Powers, 'Battle of Normandy: The Lingering Controversy', Journal of Military History 56 (1992):455–71. Russell F.

You ever see that movie Saving Private Ryan? How about The Longest Day?

Alright, for those of you haven't seen any of those movies, let me give you a little background. On June 6, 1944 30,000 Allied soldiers invaded Fortress Europe along the Normandy coast in occupied France. Nine divisions crashed against the German bulwark that day; within a year, the Allies would be marching through the streets of Berlin.

Now the series turns to this battle in the latest of the series,.In many ways, Invasion: Normandy is very similar to CCIV: Battle of the Bulge. It's still the same ultra-realistic platoon level real-time warfare that we all know and love from the previous game. The mechanics are largely unchanged as are the graphics. The balance of strategic and tactical action is preserved. You'll need to move troops across a map of Normandy and lead them into battle. And battle is what this game is all about.

Well, combat, at least. The action takes place in extremely close quarters (hence 'Close' Combat) and you'll need to be wary of ambushes as you march across the battlefield.

So, it's the same right? Not entirely.Let's talk about the big differences first. The biggest change to the game is the new concept of Force Pool Management.

Remember how in the previous game you were just assigned various squads based on whatever objectives happened to lay in front of you? Well in Invasion: Normandy you can adjust your battle groups to suit your own ends. For those of you who haven't had any experience with the game, your battle groups are made up of three platoons of five squads each, squads being the smallest self-contained unit in the game. But if you know you're going to be fighting over the rubble of a bombed out city, then tanks might not be the best idea.

Trade a few in for some infantry units and you'll do much better. This chance to tweak the battle groups is a step forward for the series and adds another level of strategic planning to the experience.Close Combat - Invasion: Normandy also has a new support feature.

In addition to calling in the regular Air Strikes and Mortar Barrages, the new game also lets you call in Naval Bombardments. American battleships float off the coast of Normandy and are willing to offer their guns in support of the troops. Additionally, your airborne units can start the campaign game behind enemy lines with five days worth of supplies. You've got to get them connected to a friendly supply depot before their supplies run out.The new game will have all of the same units of the previous game with a few notable additions.

First off, you'll now have access to engineers. These guys function a lot like heavy infantry but are also able to clear the minefields that lay in your path. The mortars, machine guns, anti-tank units are pretty much all the same as are the tanks. On the American side you won't have access to the M24, the M36 or the M7 howitzer. The Germans have to use the Panzer Mark II and III against the Allies instead of the later Mark VI and Jagd tank destroyer units. Invasion: Normandy also includes a few French and Russian designs to the mix.The game also has a new map.

After all, it wouldn't make sense to fight the Normandy campaign in the Black Forest now would it? The entire Cotentin peninsula is reproduced from Utah to Cherbourg. New features on the map include trenches and dragon's teeth. The Germans can rest a little easier behind barbed wire and beach obstacles. By far the best additions are the pillboxes and various hard emplacements. You can now capture forts and bunkers and use them as staging points for your assaults. Like the previous game, there's no fog-of-war here (which, personally, I think is a good choice) but the game incorporates ultra-realistic line of sight and line of fire rules.

It makes the whole thing a little more believable than the giant black shadow that normally surrounds your units in RTS games. And like the previous game, Invasion: Normandy is all about control of key victory locations.

The Normandy campaign is as much about gaining and securing ground as the Bulge campaign was.And speaking of campaigns (we call that a segue in the biz.which is short for business.by which I mean journalism), there's a lot of opportunities for battle in this game. There's the gigantic campaign for one thing where you can fight the entire operation from start to finish.

But if you'd rather tackle the game in more manageable chunks, there are two smaller campaigns and three small operational level actions. The game also comes with over fifty single shot scenarios for those of you who have a fear of commitment.With release just around the corner the build we've got probably won't change all that much. But that's excellent. The game seems very stable and well balanced. Except for the concept of Force Pools it's not a huge stride forward for the series.

But I appreciate having the same great dynamic from the previous game applied to the Normandy campaign. If there are any problems with the game right now, they're the same problems that plagued the previous game - namely, it's too hard to see your units. And when the game runs at 1280x720 (or whatever the hell it is), it's that much more difficult. Maybe it's time to hit Tal up for that 31' monitor.- Stephen Butts.